- _________________ is the most common form of short stature. Non-proportional short stature (toros is "typical" length, but short limbs). Due to a dominant, overactive form of __________.
- ____________ __________________ is the loss of sry gene altogether, individual is male but since they do not contain sry gene, they have a strong lack in gonad differentiation and downstream conditions may include infertility and differences in appearance.
- _______________________ ____________ (_____) is when there is an extra X chrosome in males, main feature is _______________.
- ________________ are increased levels of GH during adulthood after growth plate closure. Clinical features include large facial feature and extremities like ________ and ________, all structures that don't have an ______________ ___________ ___________. If excess GH is only during adulthood (after growth plate closure), individuals are typical height.
- _____________ activity necessary for vascularization of bone.
- Osteoblast are cells that _________ bone.
- Inability to build chondroitin sulfate:1) Schneckenbecken dysplasia ("snail pelvis"): lethal condition due to loss of function of ______________, which transports sugars that build proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate.2) Inability to form chondrocytes (cartilage cells) with proteoglycans results in _________________ bones and __________________ ossification of certain bones
- Regions of cartilage at epiphyseal plates:1) epiphysis side near ____________ chondrocytes2) diaphysis side near ______________3) as bones grow, epiphyses are pushed _____________ from diaphysis
- _______________ are proportional changes due to increased levels of GH during childhood. Individuals can reach 7-8 feet in height before growth plate closure.
- Overactive _______ signaling causes osteoblasts to repair damaged __________ as bone. This is called ___________________ ___________ _____________ (______) aka "Stoneman syndrome" is a rare condition with ~900 cases worldwide.
- Insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-1):1) Produced by the ________ in response to _____2) Many growth-promoting effects of _____3) can be mimicked by administration of IGF-1
- Secondary Sex Determination:1) Development of the ____________ _______ and the ____________ ___________2) Based on _______________3) ____________________
- True of False. The secondary ossification center is postnatal.***
- __________________________ ________________ is the process through which bones primarily in the skull form; mesenchyme directly converts to ________.
- IGF-1 and GH promote ________ chondrocyte proliferation and maturation. They also promote _____________ activity, and produce ________________ _____________.
- Steroid Hormones (aka sex hormones because they're primarily made in the gonads:1) _______________ (main form = ______________)2) _____________________ (and the more potent form ______________________________)
- Healthy bones have a balance of _____________ _____________ and ________________ ____________ (resorption). ~10% of adult human skeletons are remodeled yearly, but this varies depending on age and regions of bones. Osteoclasts respond to ________________ & osteoblasts rebuild from resorbed _____________.
- True or False. Cancer cells grow through normal tissue.
- In the Phenotypic sex (_______________ sex determination) the development of external and internal _________________ structures in response to ___________ produced by gonads. This occurs first around ___ weeks after fertilization (embryonic) and then once again during ___________.
- True or False. Proliferating chondrocytes --> Hypertrophic chondrocytes during bone formation