- Axial skeleton primarily derived from ________________ __________________ (somites), except for skull, which is ________________ _________________ (neurocranium/back of the skull) and ______________ __________ _______ from ________________ (face)
- Primary Sex Determination:1) Development of ______________2) Based on ___________________3) Non-_____________4) ____________
- Hippo pathway signaling alters apoptosis levels and cell cycle regulation. If hippo gene is turned off it leads to ________________.
- In the Gonadal (___________ sex determination) phase, the bipotential gonad turns to __________ or ___________ and this occurs at around ___ weeks after fertilization.
- Testosterone:1) In family of hormones also called ______________ or anabolic steroids2) Males past puberty have __-__ times more testosterone than age-matched females3) In males: growth and differentiation of male _____________ ___________ and _____________ ____________, body fat _______________, mammary gland ______________________, stimulation of _________________________, growth of ____________ during puberty (results in Adam's apple and voice deepening)
- Male externial genitalia requires _____ during embryonic stages
- Hormones and the endocrine system:1) work along with the ____________ __________- to control the body2) Secreted throughout the __________ for wide-spread, long-lasting effects3) Regulate: (1) ______________ and development, (2) _____________________, (3) _____________________ and energy balance, (4) body _______________, (5) general ______________________ including water, nutrient, and electrolyte balance4) Hormones that regulate growth of the body are secreted from _____________________ and _____________ ___________.
- Timeline of chondrocytes_______________ --> ________________ --> ____________________ --> ______________ --> _____________________
- Estrogen:1) 3 forms with primary being ____________2) In females: growth and differentiation of female ____________ __________ and __________ ___________, body fat __________________.3) In males: maturation and concentration of ___________ in testes4) Non reproduction in both species: - Blood __________________ levels (HDL:LDL ratio) - ____________ development
- True or False. Bees and ants sexes are determined by chromosomes. But rather fertilized cells (diploid) become female and unfertilized cells (haploid) become males.
- In the genetic/chromosomal phase, males are ___ and females are ___. This happens during _______________.
- Gonads are derived from the _______________ ____________ and ______-_______________ ___________ ______ that were set aside.
- Female Genital Duct:1) ___________________ duct degenerates due to lack of testosterone2) _______________ duct persists
- _______________ ___________ (___) - is when a woman is partially or completely missing an X chromosome. There is only one X chromosome present. This can cause ____________ and heart problems, while also altering a female's appearance.
- _____________________ __________________ is the process through which most bones in your skeleton form; mesenchyme becomes _______________ and is then replaced by bone.
- Which process is the one through which most bones in your skeleton form?
- ______________ is the social and cultural construct related to attitudes, personality, feelings, and behaviors associated with a person's biological sex (e.g. masculinity or femininity)
- ______ (_______________ ______) is the biological status of male, female, or intersex based on sex chromosomes, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia
- What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?A: Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA. Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule.B: Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA. Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.C: Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.D: Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule.
- What is sex primarily decided by (usually, but not in all cases)?