- When are there high levels of estradiol? _______________ _____________1) even more release of ____ causes a __________ _________2) _______________ outpaces proliferation of chondrocytes3) overall effect is to ____________ the epiphyseal growth plate and stop __________ ______________
- ____________ monitors body homeostasis, including nutrients in the blood. Calcium and phosphate are used in neuron firing and muscle contraction. If levels in the blood are too low or too high, the thyroid regulates osteoclast and osteoblast activity to bring back into typical range.
- Appendicular skeleton primarily derived from ____________ __________ ______________.
- Night blindness may be caused by a deficiency of..
- Organisms use molecules from the environment to synthesize?
- Living cells require _____ to function
- vesicularization releases enzymes which penetrate the zone pellucid and allow the pronuclei to fuse
- Chondrocytes are __________________ maturing once hypertrophic. Hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete __________ and __________. During ossification, hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo _______________ and replaced by ___________.
- What is the function of topoisomerase?A: unwinding of the double helixB: relieving strain in the DNA ahead of the replication forkC: adding methyl groups to bases of DNAD: elongating new DNA at a replication fork by adding nucleotides to the existing chain
- Embryonic patterning of bone via _____________________ ossification. Cartilage condensation via __-_______________. Bone begins to form, starting at __________________.
- Different levels of hormones will cause ______________ ___________________ (phenotypic differences in the sexes) - internal and external genitalia - body fat deposition - hair production - dimorphism in many stem cells!
- Epiphyseal growth plates are regions of ________________ that remains between the _______________ and __________________ ossification centers and is responsible for length of long bones and thus height of humans. Growth plates seal ~_________ - early ______ ("around puberty") to stop growth.
- Sealing of epiphyseal growth plates is due to _______________ _______________ (differentiation) of chondrocytes relative to proliferation.
- ______ ________ is present within the y chromosome. Individuals that lack it are females, and individuals who have it on the y chromosome are males.
- Effect of GH treatment on the epiphyseal plate:Without GH they are ___________ ____________ because there is no growth hormones, bones are shortened.
- Estradiol promotes osteoblast activity and promotes osteoclast apoptosis to increase ________ ________.
- During ossification, chondrocytes undergo _________________
- Growth hormone (GH):1) produced by the _____________ based on signals from the __________________2) ________________ hormone (muscle building)3) stimulates _______-__ production
- Regions of cartilage at epiphyseal plates:1) epiphysis side near ____________ chondrocytes2) diaphysis side near ______________3) as bones grow, epiphyses are pushed _____________ from diaphysis
- _________________ is the most common form of short stature. Non-proportional short stature (toros is "typical" length, but short limbs). Due to a dominant, overactive form of __________.