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- Large, spore-forming (subterminal) Gr+ rods- Obligate anaerobes- These bacteria are subdivided into four groups based on phenotypic and genetic properties and certainly represent four separate species, although they have been historically classified within a single species, C. botulinum- Seven antigenically distinct botulinum toxins (A to G) have been described; human disease is associated with types A, B, E, and F
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- Name: Intranasal corticosteroids: fluticasone (Flonase), mometasone (Nasonex) (Giant nose, 'NAS' on nose)MOA: agonize the glucocorticoid receptor in nasal epithelium to reduce inflammation (G C in nares)Clinical: the recommended first-line treatment for moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis. The most effective treatment of allergic rhinitis available. (Mod to Severe, 1st)ADME: Begins working within hours, though maximal effect may take several days. Therapy is typically started at maximal dose until symptoms are controlled, then stepped down. Patients with severe symptoms will require daily chronic use.Though different formulations are similar in efficacy they vary in taste/odor and some may be more tolerable than others to patients (Hours to Days on bottom, Max with arrows down)AE: minimal due to topical application (Spray into nose, inhibit AE)