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If scientists noted that a protozoan developed a cyst, they could safely assume that:
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- Theses: how were the African Americans treated differently than white Americans? All-Union soldiers and their dependents were eligible to benefit from a pension system that was begun during the war and then greatly expanded in the postwar years. Not all applicants were equally successful in getting benefits. In the quarter-century that followed the war, African Americans, both veterans, and their dependents had significantly less success in obtaining pensions than did white veterans and their dependents. The reduced success was not, in theory, a product of race, for the pension laws made no mention of color. Rather, a combination of social perceptions and social conditions made it more difficult for black veterans or their dependents to successfully apply. At the same time, the destitution that a large number of black applicants faced made access to pension benefits even more critical for them than it was for white applicants.
- Wilsons policy is known as the Moral Diplomacy. Moral Diplomacy was based on democratic ideals instead of money or military power or force. It introduced the idea that all countries had the right to decide on their own government- free of control from another country.But while Wilson said he wasn't gonna use force he used force anyway, In fact he used more force than Roosevelt or Taft. For example in the Haiti and Dominican Republic Wilson hoped "to cultivate the friendship and deserve the confidence" of Latin America, but he also emphasized that he believed "just government" must rest "upon the consent of the governed." Sometimes democracy was not the people's choice! In 1915, Wilson responded to revolution in Haiti by sending in American marines to restore order, and he did the same in the Dominican Republic in 1916. The military occupations that followed failed to create the democratic states.
- - Muramyl dipeptide (from peptidoglycan NAG, NGM- N-glicolmuramic acid) complexed with mycolic acids can cause granuloma formation- Phospholipids induce caseous necrosis- Lipids are responsible for acid-fastness.- A "cord factor" (trehalose-6,6`-dimycolate) is a virulence factor → inhibits migration of Leu, causes formation of chronic granulomas, serves as an immunologic "adjuvant", cytotoxic properties- no exotoxins- Proteins that elicit the tuberculin reactionTheir role in the pathogenesis of infections:- High resistance to penicillin- resistance of phenol (disinfectant)- Resistant to drying- Mycobacteria in droplets are inhaled when infected person cough, sneeze, or speak → Reach alveoli → phagocytosis → stimulate host Mo and M/ph → mycobacteria begin to multiply within M/ph → Some of the M/ph develop the ability to kill → Later, peripheral fibrous tissue develops, and the central area undergoes caseation necrosis (such lesion is called a tubercle) → A caseous tubercle may break into a bronchus, empty its contents there → and form a cavity → it may subsequently heal by fibrosis or calcification- Spread trough the lymphatics → blood stream and finally all organs1. Exudative type:- Consist of acute inflammatory reaction in lung tissue with edema fluid, PMNL (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and later monocytes appear around the tubercle bacilli (resemble bacterial pneumonia)- Outcomes of this lesions:→ may heal by resolution, entire exudate becomes absorbed→ may lead to massive necrosis of tissue→ may develop into second (productive) type of lesion2. Productive (proliferative) type of lesion:- When it is fully developed, this lesion is chronic granulomawhich consists of 3 zones;→ central area of large, multinucleated giant cells containing intracellular mycobacteria→ mid zone of pale epithelioid cells, arranged radially→ peripheral zone (outer zone) of fibroblasts, lymphocytes andmonocytes- Granuloma prevents further spread of bacteria!- Later, peripheral fibrous tissue develops and the central area undergoes caseation necrosisàsuch lesion is called tubercle!