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As federal courts looked the other way, a record number of blacks were lynched during the 1890s, most often for the "crime" of asserting themselves as equals (see Table 23.2). Thousands of blacks were cruelly sentenced, often for minor offenses, to forced labor prison camps, where they were virtually re-enslaved. It would take a second Reconstruction, nearly a century later, to redress the racist imbalance of southern society.

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