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History of the Americas
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- German mercenaries who fought on the side of the British
- the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South
- * Part of the Second New Deal, this agency managed by Harry Hopkins that spent billions to provide people with jobs* It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, airports and public buildings. Unemployed artists, writers, actors and photographers were paid to paint murals, write histories and perform plays.* Included the National Youth Administration (NYA) to provide part-time jobs to help young people stay in school.
- American victory that caused France and other European nations to support the Americans
- * Repealed the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887* Returned former reservation lands to the control of tribes* Encouraged tribal organization and supported preservation of Native American cultures.* Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.
- * This was a huge experiment in regional development and public planning* a government corporation that hired thousands of people in the poorest region to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion and manufacture fertilizer* Sold electricity to residents of the region at lower rates than private power companies
- * A severe drought in the Great Plains in the early 1930s ruined crops. Poor farming practices along with high winds blew away millions of tons of dried topsoil, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.* Caused thousands of "Okies" from Oklahoma and surrounding areas migrated west in search of farm or factory work.* The Grapes of Wrath novel was about this event
- * Agency directed by Hugh Johnson, it was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor (minimum wage/maximum hours). It helped each industry (ex. steel, oil) set codes for wages, hours of work, production levels and prices for goods.* Part of the New Deal dealing with the industrial sector to create fair competition* Gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively.* This program had limited success for 2 years before the Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional in Schechter v. U.S. in 1935* key measure in 1933 to combine immediate relief and long-term reform
- * Part of Second New Deal, this guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. Outlawing business practices that were unfair to labor.* National Labor Relations Board (1935) was empowered to enforce the law and make sure that workers' rights were protected.* Replaced the National Industrial Recovery Act after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.
- * FDR proposed that the president should be able to appoint additional justices to the Supreme Court for each justice that was over age 70 1/2 years old.* It would have allowed Roosevelt to add up to 6 more justices to the court* Critics called it the "court-packing" bill, but it failed. Congress would not accept it as it would give FDR too much power.
- * A New Deal program that encouraged farmers to reduce production by offering to give them money for every acre they didn't plant. * Hoped that this would boost prices for agricultural products.* Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court
- * Theory developed by British economist John Keynes which said that in order to help in difficult times the government needed to spend more than it made in tax revenues. Before this FDR tried to balance the budget but this said that was a mistake.* "Primed the Pump" to increase investment and help create jobs * Adopted by FDR in 1938, it increased federal spending on public works and helped the US get out of the Great Depression by stimulating economic growth
- * An anti-New Deal organization made up of conservative Democrats and leading Republicans. They felt the New Deal gave the govt too much power and that the relief programs were like socialism or communism.* Roosevelt denounced them as "economic royalists" in the campaign of 1936* Former Democrat presidential candidates Alfred E. Smith and John W. Davis were part of this
- * FDR's second round of laws and programs concentrating on 2 of the 3 R's: Relief & Reform. The first one was largely focused on Recovery, but after 2 years they were ready to focus on the other 2 R's.* A new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs (included WPA, Wagner Act, SSA)
- * "Kingfish" senator from Louisiana who was assassinated by a political rival* He proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family to be paid for by taxing the wealthy.* He challenged Roosevelt's leadership of the Democratic Party by announcing his candidacy.
- * Part of FDR's Second New Deal, it created a federal insurance program by collecting payments (taxes) from both employees and employers, then used this money to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65* It also gave money to workers that lost they jobs (unemployment compensation), the blind and disabled (handicapped), and dependent children and their mothers.
- * Group that consisted of the Solid South, White ethnic groups in the cities, Midewestern farmers, labor union and liberals that all backed FDR and his New Deal policies in the bid for his reelection in 1936* Alliance that supported FDR and the Democratic Party for 40 years, from the 1930's to the 1960's. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.
- * DEMOCRAT who beat Hoover in the presidential election of 1932 (his cousin Theodore had been a Republican Theodore president); he was paralyzed by polio & campaigned from a car and in a wheelchair* President during most of the Great Depression and most of World War II* pledged "new deal", repeal of Prohibition, aid for unemployed and cuts in government spending* Expanded the size of the government & increased presidential powers* known to be a good speaker and for his Fireside chats* In power for 12 years and 2 months he was one of the most influential world leaders in the 20th century.
- * Federally funded government corporation set up to help the faltering railroads, banks and insurance companies by loaning them money.* Created under Hoover, he felt loaning money to the big businesses would "trickle down" and help smaller businesses* Democrats said it would only help the rich
- * Started with collapse of the US stock market in Oct 1929 and lasted until the world war started in 1939. Worst time was winter of 1932-1933; 1932 was worst year)* Ended Republican domination of the government, resulting in landslide victory of Democrat FDR over Republican Hoover in the election of 1932 (Hoover was blamed for it)* Countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self-adjusting.* Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. * Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down and there was widespread unemployment